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Psychology is the science of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic is psychology a science essay of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience. As a social science, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.
A professional practitioner or researcher involved in the discipline is called a psychologist. Some psychologists can also be classified as social, behavioralor cognitive scientists.
Some psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior. Others explore the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychologists are involved in research on perceptioncognitionattentionemotionintelligenceis psychology a science essay, subjective experiencesmotivationbrain functioningand personality. Psychologists' interests extend to interpersonal relationshipspsychological resiliencefamily resilienceand other areas within social psychology.
They also consider the unconscious mind. Some, but not all, clinical and counseling psychologists rely on symbolic interpretation. While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. By many accounts, psychology ultimately aims to benefit society.
Other psychologists conduct scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. Typically the latter group of psychologists work in academic settings e. Another group of psychologists is employed in industrial and organizational settings. The word psychology derives from the Greek word psychefor spirit or soul. The latter part of the word "psychology" derives from -λογία -logiawhich refers to "study" or "research". The dictionary refers to "Anatomy, which treats the Body, and Psychology, is psychology a science essay, which treats of the Soul.
InWilliam James defined psychology as "the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions. However, this meaning was contested, notably by radical behaviorists such as John B. Watsonwho in asserted that the discipline is a "natural science," the theoretical goal of which "is the prediction and control of behavior.
The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, and Persia all engaged in the philosophical study of psychology. In Ancient Egypt the Ebers Papyrus mentioned depression and thought disorders. In China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of Laozi and Confuciusand later from the doctrines of Buddhism.
This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation, as well as techniques for focused thinking and acting. It frames the universe in term of a division of physical reality and mental reality as well as the interaction between the physical and the mental.
Chinese philosophy also emphasized purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. An ancient text known as The Yellow Emperor's Classic is psychology a science essay Internal Medicine identifies the brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation, includes theories of personality based on yin—yang balance, and analyzes mental disorder in terms of physiological and social disequilibria.
Chinese scholarship that focused on the brain advanced during the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi —is psychology a science essay, Liu Zhi —and Wang Qingren — Wang Qingren emphasized the importance of the brain as the center of the nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated the causes of dreams and insomniaand advanced a theory of hemispheric lateralization in brain function.
Influenced by HinduismIndian philosophy explored distinctions in types is psychology a science essay awareness, is psychology a science essay. A central idea of the Upanishads and other Vedic texts that formed the foundations of Hinduism was the distinction between a person's transient mundane self and their eternal, unchanging soul.
Divergent Hindu doctrines and Buddhism have challenged this hierarchy of selves, but have all emphasized the importance of reaching higher awareness. Yoga encompasses a range of techniques used in pursuit is psychology a science essay this goal. Theosophyis psychology a science essay, a religion established by Russian-American philosopher Helena Blavatskydrew inspiration from these doctrines during her time in British India.
Psychology was of interest to Enlightenment thinkers in Europe. In Germany, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz — applied his principles of calculus to the mind, arguing that mental activity took place on an indivisible continuum.
He suggested that the difference between conscious and unconscious awareness is only a matter of degree. Christian Wolff identified psychology as its own science, writing Psychologia Empirica in and Psychologia Rationalis in Immanuel Kant advanced the idea of anthropology as a discipline, with psychology an important subdivision.
Kant, is psychology a science essay, however, explicitly rejected the idea of an experimental psychologywriting that "the empirical doctrine of the soul can also never approach chemistry even as a systematic art of analysis or experimental doctrine, for in it the manifold of inner observation can be separated only by mere division in thought, and cannot then be held separate and recombined at will but still less does another thinking subject suffer himself to be experimented upon to suit our purposeand even observation by itself already changes and displaces the state of the observed object.
However, this discipline did not yet embrace experimentation. Gustav Fechner began conducting psychophysics research in Leipzig in the s. He articulated the principle that human perception of a stimulus varies logarithmically according to its intensity.
Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics challenged Kant's negative view with regard to conducting quantitative research on the mind. Wundt, in turn, came to Leipzig University, where he established the psychological laboratory that brought experimental psychology to the world. Wundt focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components, motivated in part by an analogy to recent advances in chemistry, and its successful investigation of the elements and structure of materials.
The German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghausa researcher at the University of Berlinwas another 19th-century contributor to the field. He pioneered the experimental study of memory and developed quantitative models of learning and forgetting.
The approach of Gestalt psychology is based upon the idea that individuals experience things as unified wholes. Rather than reducing thoughts and behavior into smaller component elements, as in structuralism, the Gestaltists maintained that whole of experience is important, and differs from the sum of its parts. Psychologists in Germany, Denmark, Austria, England, and the United States soon followed Wundt in setting up laboratories. Stanley Hallan American who studied with Wundt, is psychology a science essay, founded a psychology lab that became internationally influential.
The lab was located at Johns Hopkins University. Hall, in turn, trained Yujiro Motorawho brought experimental psychology, emphasizing psychophysics, to the Imperial University of Tokyo. Cattell, who also studied with eugenicist Francis Galtonwent on to found the Psychological Corporation. Witmer focused on the mental testing of children; Scott, on employee selection. Another student of Wundt, the Englishman Edward Titchenercreated the psychology program at Cornell University and advanced " structuralist " psychology.
The idea behind structuralism was to analyze and classify different aspects of the mind, primarily through the method of introspection.
InJames wrote an influential book, The Principles of Psychologywhich expanded on the structuralism, is psychology a science essay. He memorably described " stream of consciousness. A different strain of experimentalism, with a greater connection to physiology, emerged in South America, under the leadership of Horacio G, is psychology a science essay.
Piñero at the University of Buenos Aires. One of the earliest psychology societies was La Société is psychology a science essay Psychologie Physiologique in France, which lasted from to The first meeting of the International Congress of Psychology sponsored by the International Union of Psychological Science took place in Paris, in Augustis psychology a science essay, amidst the World's Fair celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution.
William James was one of three Americans among the attendees. The American Psychological Association APA was founded soon after, in The International Congress continued to be held at different locations in Europe and with wide international participation. The Sixth Congress, held is psychology a science essay Geneva inincluded presentations in Russian, Chinese, and Japanese, as well as Esperanto. After a hiatus for World War I, is psychology a science essay Seventh Congress met in Oxford, with substantially greater participation from the war-victorious Anglo-Americans.
Inthe Congress took place at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, attended by hundreds of members of the APA. New ideas about psychology diffused from Japan into China. American psychology gained status upon the U. A standing committee headed by Robert Yerkes administered mental tests " Army Alpha " and " Army Beta " to almost 1. In the s and s, is psychology a science essay, eugenics became a standard topic in psychology classes. During World War II and the Cold War, the U.
military and intelligence agencies established themselves as leading funders of psychology by way of the armed forces and in the new Office of Strategic Services intelligence agency.
University of Michigan psychologist Dorwin Cartwright reported that university researchers began large-scale propaganda research in — Is psychology a science essay observed that "the last few months of the war saw a social psychologist become chiefly responsible for determining the week-by-week-propaganda policy for the United States Government.
The Army also engaged in large-scale psychological research of troop morale and mental health. In Germany after World War I, psychology held institutional power through the military and subsequently expanded along with the rest of the military under the Third Reich.
Freudian psychoanalysts were expelled and persecuted under the anti-Jewish policies of the Nazi Partyand all psychologists had to distance themselves from Freud and Adlerfounders of psychoanalysis who were also Jewish. As described by one physician, "Despite the importance of analysis, spiritual guidance and the active cooperation of the patient represent the best way to overcome individual mental problems and to subordinate them to the requirements of the Volk and the Gemeinschaft.
After the war, new institutions were created although some psychologists, because of their Nazi affiliation, were discredited. Alexander Mitscherlich founded a prominent applied psychoanalysis journal called Psyche.
With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, Mitscherlich established the first clinical psychosomatic medicine division at Heidelberg University. Inpsychology was integrated into the required studies of medical students. After the Russian Revolutionthe Bolsheviks promoted psychology as a way to engineer the "New Man" of socialism.
Consequently, university psychology departments trained large numbers is psychology a science essay students in psychology.
At the completion of training, positions were made available for those students at schools, workplaces, cultural institutions, and in the military.
The Russian state emphasized pedology and the study of child development. Lev Vygotsky became prominent in the field of child development, is psychology a science essay. Luriaand Aron Zalkind, were denounced; Ivan Pavlov posthumously and Stalin himself were celebrated as heroes of Soviet psychology. The topics of cybernetics, linguistics, and genetics became acceptable again. The new field of engineering psychology emerged. The field involved the study of the mental aspects of complex jobs such as pilot and cosmonaut.
Is Psychology a Science?
, time: 5:06Psychology: Essay on Psychology | College Essays
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